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Charles Richard Crane (1858–1939) was a wealthy American businessman, heir to a large industrial fortune and connoisseur of Arab culture, a noted Arabist. His widespread business interests gave him entree into domestic and international political affairs where he enjoyed privileged access to many influential power brokers at the top levels of government. His special arena of interest was Eastern Europe and the Middle East. ==Biography and diplomatic activity== He was the eldest son of plumbing parts mogul, Chicago manufacturer, Richard T. Crane. In the 1900s, he brought Thomas Masaryk, Maksim Kovalevsky and Pavel Milyukov to lecture at the University of Chicago. After meeting Masaryk, he became interested in Slavic nationalism and sponsored ''The Slav Epic'' paintings by Alphonse Mucha〔''(An Introduction to the Work of Alphonse Mucha and Art Nouveau )'', lecture by Ian Johnston of Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo, British Columbia (March 2004).〕 When Mucha designed the Czechoslovak bills, he used a previous portrait of Josephine Crane Bradley as Slavia for the 100 koruna bill.〔 President William Howard Taft appointed Crane minister to China on July 16, 1909,〔''New York Times'': ("Crane Takes Post as Envy to China," Juluy 17, 1909 ), accessed February 3, 2012〕 but on the eve of his departure to his post on October 4, 1909, he was recalled to Washington and forced to resign under pressure by U.S. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox,〔''New York Times'': ("Call Back Minister Crane," October 5, 1909 ), accessed February 3, 2012〕 who held him responsible for the publication in a Chicago newspaper of the U.S. government's objections to two recent treaties between Japan and China.〔''New York Times'': ("State Secrets Out; Crane Questioned," October 11, 1909 ), accessed February 3, 2012〕〔David Philipson, ''My Life as an American Jew: An Autobiography'' (1941), 32-33, wrote that President Taft told him in November 1909 that he asked for Crane's resignation after hearing Crane responded to his election by saying: "Well, now that Taft is President, I suppose that Jake Schiff and his Jew crowd will have a great deal to say in our national affairs."〕 Crane contributed heavily to Woodrow Wilson's 1912 election campaign. Wilson rewarded Crane with appointments to the 1917 Special Diplomatic Commission to Russia, known as the Root Commission, as a member of the American Section of the Paris Peace Conference, and to the 1919 Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey that became known as the King-Crane Commission. While the commission was originally proposed by the U.S. to develop an international consensus on the future make up and status of post-WWI Middle East nations, the commission quickly became a U.S.-only sponsored effort. With the appointment of Crane as co-head of the commission, it set about to issue a report to inform U.S. policy makers. In respect to the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East, the report cautioned "Not only you as president but the American people as a whole should realize that if the American government decided to support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, they are committing the American people to the use of force in that area, since only by force can a Jewish state in Palestine be established or maintained." Crane opposed the establishment of a Jewish state in the Middle East,.〔F.W. Brecher, "Charles R. Crane's Crusade for the Arabs, 1919-39," Middle Eastern Studies, XXIV, January 1988; pp 46-47. Elliott A Green, "The Curious Careers of Two Advocates of Arab Nationalism," Crossroads no. 33 ()〕 He was a passionate spokesman for the independence of the Arab states.〔Beecher, Frank W. ''Reluctant Ally: United States Foreign Policy toward the Jews from Wilson to Roosevelt'' (NY: Green-wood Press, 1991), pp. ??〕 Crane was appointed U.S. Minister to China by President Wilson and served from March 22, 1920, to July 2, 1921. In 1925 Crane founded the New York-based Institute of Current World Affairs. The institute employed field representatives in Mexico, Jerusalem, and occasionally Moscow, who representatives compiled regular reports on developments in their regions, and shared their expertise during ICWA-sponsored lecture tours of major U.S. universities. The reports were also made available to the U.S. State Department. In 1931,Crane helped finance the first explorations for oil in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. He was instrumental in gaining the American oil concession there.〔Harry St. J. B. Philby, "Sa'udi Arabia" (NY: F.A. Praeger, 1955), Chapter 11 〕 He was also a member of the famous Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles Richard Crane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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